Battle of Atlantic

I. Battle of Atlantic:-It was another major war fought by the allied powers against Germany. It was the struggle against German U-boat attempting to deprive Britain of food and raw-materials. At the beginning of 1942 the Germans had 10 U-boats in operation and 250 being built. In the first six months of that year the allies lost over 4 millions tones of merchant shipping and destroyed only 21 U-boats. However, after that number of sinking began to fall while the U-boat losses increased. By July 1943, the allies could produce ships at a faster rate than the U-boat could sink them and the situation was under the control.

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Champaran Satyagraha [1917] , Ahmadabad mill strike, Kheda Strike

Champaran Satyagraha [1917] Gandhiji’s first great experiment in Satyagraha came in 1917 in Champaran, a district in Bihar. The peasantry on the indigo plantation in the district was excessively oppressed by the European planters. They were compelled to grow indigo and to sell it at prices fixed by the planters. Gandhiji reached in Champaran in 1917 and began to conduct a detailed enquiry into the condition of the peasantry. The district officials ordered him to leave Champaran, but he defied the order and was willing to face trial and imprisonment. This forced the government to cancel its earlier order and to appoint a committee of enquiry on which Gandhiji served as a peasantry was suffering were reduced. This was the first triumph of Gandhiji new technique of Satyagraha in India. Ahmadabad mill strike In 1918, Gandhiji’s intervened in a dispute between the workers and mill owners of Ahmadabad. He advised the workers to go on strike and to demand a 35% increase in wages. He under to...

Impact of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:

There is a great controversy over the significance of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The congress committees itself was divided on the result of the talk. Many people have it as a viceroy because the viceroy had to negotiate a settlement with the congress. Others particularly the younger, left wing sectors were opposed to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, for the government had not accepted even one of the major national demands. The consequences of the pact were as follows: 1. The viceroy had forced to treat the Indian nation leaders on an equal footing. 2. It greatly increased the prestige of the congress as the viceroy and Gandhiji’s put their signatures on a Treaty OF Peace. 3. The British accepted congress as an authority to speak for political India. 4. When the rural congress workers were released from jail and went to their village, they were given reception. This demonstrated the awakening of political conscious among masses to a degree undreamt of before. It also gave evidence of the high mora...

GANDHI-IRWIN PACT 1931

The First Round Table Conference was held in London in 1930. Not much was done at the conference on account of the absence of the congress representatives. The government knew that any settlement regarding Indians people would be incomplete, if the congress refused to co-operate. So the British were eager to compromise. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru and Jayakar became the mediators between the congress and the British. An understanding was reached between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin in 1931 which came to be known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Its provisions were:- The government agreed:- 1. To release all the political prisoners except those guilty of violence. 2. To withdraw ordinance issued in connection with Civil Disobedience Movement. 3. To give back to the congress their confiscated properties. 4. To permit peaceful picketing of liquors and foreign cloth’s shop. 5. To permit such people as lived near sea-shore to manufacture salt. Gandhiji agreed:- ...

NOTES on ISC HISTORY

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